We study the carbon monoxide (CO) excitation, mean molecular gas density, and interstellar radiation field (ISRF) intensity in a comprehensive sample of 76 galaxies from local to high redshift (z ∼ 0-6), selected based on detections of their CO transitions J = 2 → 1 and 5 → 4 and their optical/infrared/(sub)millimeter spectral energy distributions

The High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph (HARMONI) is the visible and near-infrared (NIR), adaptive-optics-assisted, integral field spectrograph for ESO's Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). It will have both a single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO) mode (using a single bright natural guide star)

HIRES will be the high-resolution spectrograph at optical and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths for ESO's Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). It will consist of three fibre-fed spectrographs providing a wavelength coverage of 0.4–1.8 µm (with a goal of 0.35–1.8 µm) at a spectral resolution of ~ 100 000. Fibre-feeding allows HIRES to have several

The evolution of the most massive stars is a puzzle with many missing pieces. Statistical analyses are key to providing anchors to calibrate theory, but performing these studies is an arduous job. The state-of-the-art integral field spectrograph Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) has stirred up stellar astrophysicists, who are excited about