Simulations of erupting flux tubes in the thin flux tube approximation show that essential properties of sunspots can only be explained if the initial field strength of the flux tube at the base of the convection zone is about 10 T. Such strong magnetic field can only be stored below the solar convection zone in a subadiabatic stratification. We

There is an increasing observational evidence of the presence of retrograde motions in ellipticals and early type spiral galaxies. However, little is known about this phenomenon in barred and late ordinary spirals. Here, we present the current status of an on-going research programme at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (La Palma) to

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