We present the latest results of the Spitzer Cosmological Surveys concerning the characterization of the evolution of galaxies in the last 12Gyr (from z=4). We have analyzed the stellar mass function up to z=4 using a sample of more than 28,000 galaxies selected in the rest-frame near-infrared with Spitzer/IRAC. Our results confirm and quantify the

A relationship is identified between the largest (top 5%) most rapid global increases in ISCCP retrieved IR cloud cover and statistically significant increases in the rate of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux across the globe; the cloud changes correspond both temporally and spatially to significant variations in a range of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis

The studies of the evolution of galaxies in Galaxy Clusters have as a traditional complication the difficulty in establishing cluster membership of those sources detected in the field of view. The determination of spectroscopic redshifts involves long exposure times when it is needed to reach the cluster peripheral regions of/or clusters at

Secular evolution gradually shapes galaxies by internal processes,in contrast to early cosmological evolution which is more rapid. Animportant driver of secular evolution is the flow of gas from the disk into the central regions, often under the influence of a bar. In this chapter we review several new observational results on barsand nuclear rings

Recent observations from the Sunrise balloon-borne solar telescope have enabled us to reach an unprecedented high spatial resolution on the solar surface with the near-ultraviolet photo-spheric and chromospheric images as well as the magnetograms. We use these high resolution observations to investigate the structure of the solar upper photosphere

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