Deep far-infrared photometric surveys studying galaxy evolution and the nature of the cosmic infrared background are a key strength of the Herschel mission. We describe the scientific motivation for the PACS Evolutionary Probe (PEP) guaranteed time key program and its role within the entire set of Herschel surveys, and the field selection that

Line intensity ratio has been used in astronomy to calculate plasma density and temperature. This procedure is applied to monitor thin film growth in plasma-assisted deposition, it provides very useful information such as density and temperature of the plasma. The propose of this study is monitor variations of the plasma during deposition, using

We introduce a new parameter Δξ-the difference in magnitude between the red giant branch (RGB) bump and the point on the main sequence (MS) at the same color as the bump (which we call the "benchmark")-to estimate the helium content in old stellar systems. The Δξ parameter is a helium indicator, since an increase in helium makes, at fixed age and

Not Available

Not Available

Not Available