This paper presents the reconstruction of the 80-year time series of daily global solar radiation (GSR) at the subtropical high-mountain Izaña Atmospheric Observatory (IZO) located in Tenerife (The Canary Islands, Spain). For this purpose, we combine GSR estimates from sunshine duration (SD) data using the Ångström-Prescott method over the 1933

The Penn State - Torun Planet Search (PTPS) performed with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope is devoted to search and characterization of extrasolar planetary systems around evolved stars. For complete description of these systems detailed knowledge of their suns is essential. Therefore, in parallel to the planet search we perform a complete spectroscopic

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The definition of a cost effective deployment mechanism to deploy 180° panel like appendages in a safe way and with minimum end stroke deployment shock has been a challenge that led the design to achieve a low cost, light, compact, simple, flexible, modular, and low power demanding configuration. This mechanism is composed of an active hinge, that

We present a procedure for obtaining the cluster densities in terms of the probability, P_n_(r), for a randomly placed sphere of radius r to contain n galaxies and the cluster density profiles. We then discuss a method for computing P_n_(r) and use it to obtain the density of Abell clusters in cold dark matter models with different biasing.

Aims:Magnetic elements are thought to be described by flux tube models, and are well reproduced by MHD simulations. However, these simulations are only partially constrained by observations. We observationally investigate the relationship between G-band bright points and magnetic structures to clarify conditions, which make magnetic structures