Aims: We investigate the dual-dust chemistry phenomenon in planetary nebulae (PNe) and discuss reasons for its occurrence, by analyzing Spitzer/IRS spectra of a sample of 40 Galactic PNe among which 26 belong to the Galactic Bulge (GB). Methods: The mixed chemistry is derived from the simultaneous detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) features in the 6-14 μm range and crystalline silicates beyond 20 μm in the Spitzer/IRS spectra. Results: Out of the 26 planetary nebulae observed in the Galactic Bulge, 21 show signatures of dual-dust chemistry. Our observations reveal that the simultaneous presence of oxygen and carbon-rich dust features in the infrared spectra of [WC]-type planetary nebulae is not restricted to late/cool [WC]-type stars, as previously suggested in the literature, but is a common feature associated with all [WC]-type planetary nebulae. Surprisingly, we found that the dual-dust chemistry is seen also in all observed weak emission-line stars (wels), as well as in other planetary nebulae with central stars being neither [WC] nor wels. Most sources observed display crystalline silicate features in their spectra, with only a few PNe exhibiting, in addition, amorphous silicate bands. Conclusions: We appear to detect a recent change of chemistry at the end of the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) evolution in the low-mass, high-metallicity population of GB PNe observed. The deficit of C-rich AGB stars in this environment suggests that the process of PAH formation in PNe occurs at the very end of the AGB phase. In addition, the population of low-mass, O-rich AGB stars in the Galactic Bulge, do not exhibit crystalline silicate features in their spectra. Thus, the high detection rate of dual-dust chemistry that we find cannot be explained by long-lived O-rich (primordial or circumbinary) disks. Our most plausible scenario is a final thermal pulse on the AGB (or just after), which could produce enhanced mass loss, capable of removing/mixing (sometimes completely) the remaining H-rich envelope and exposing the internal C-rich layers, and generating shocks responsible for the silicate crystallization. Based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under NASA contract 1407. Tables A1, A2 and Figs. B1 to B6 are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org