Bibcode
Dalla Vecchia, C.; Bower, Richard G.; Theuns, Tom; Balogh, Michael L.; Mazzotta, Pasquale; Frenk, Carlos S.
Bibliographical reference
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 355, Issue 3, pp. 995-1004.
Advertised on:
12
2004
Citations
92
Refereed citations
88
Description
The observed cooling rate of hot gas in clusters is much lower than that
inferred from the gas density profiles. This suggests that the gas is
being heated by some source. We use an adaptive-mesh refinement code
(FLASH) to simulate the effect of multiple, randomly positioned,
injections of thermal energy within 50 kpc of the centre of an initially
isothermal cluster with mass M200= 3 × 1014
Msolar and kT= 3.1 keV. We have performed eight simulations
with spherical bubbles of energy generated every 108 yr, over
a total of 1.5Gyr. Each bubble is created by injecting thermal energy
steadily for 107 yr; the total energy of each bubble lies in
the range (0.1-3)×1060erg, depending on the simulation.
We find that 2 × 1060erg per bubble (corresponding to
an average power of 6.3 × 1044ergs-1)
effectively balances energy loss in the cluster and prevents the
accumulation of gas below kT= 1 keV from exceeding the observational
limits. This injection rate is comparable to the radiated luminosity of
the cluster, and the required energy and periodic time-scale of events
are consistent with observations of bubbles produced by central active
galactic nuclei in clusters. The effectiveness of this process depends
primarily on the total amount of injected energy and the initial
location of the bubbles, but is relatively insensitive to the exact duty
cycle of events.