Bibcode
García-Segura, G.; López, J. A.; Steffen, W.; Meaburn, J.; Manchado, A.
Bibliographical reference
Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Symposium #234. Edited by Michael J. Barlow and Roberto H. Méndez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006., pp.399-400
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2006
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Description
In this paper we explore the dynamics of ionization bounded planetary
nebulae after the termination of the fast stellar wind. When the stellar
wind becomes negligible, the hot, shocked bubble depressurizes and the
thermal pressure of the photo-ionized region, at the inner edge of the
swept-up shell, becomes dominant. At this stage the shell tends to
fragment creating clumps with comet-like tails and long, photo-ionized
trails in between, while the photo-ionized material expands back towards
the central stars as a rarefaction wave. Once the photo-ionized gas
fills the inner cavity, it develops a kinematical pattern of increasing
velocity from the center outwards with a typical range of velocities
starting from the systemic velocity to ˜ 50 km s-1 at
the edges. The Helix nebula and the Dumbell nebula are clear examples of
planetary nebulae at this late evolutionary stage.The numerical
experiment presented here (Figure 1) includes two phases: in the first
phase, a typical two-wind model scenario (Kwok 1982) is considered, i.
e., a fast wind with v∞= 1000 kms and dot{M} =
10-7 M&sun; yr-1 sweeps up a slow wind
with v∞= 10 kms and dot{M} = 10-6
M&sun; yr-1. For simplicity, this phase lasts
1000 yr in the computation, but it could last longer or shorter
depending on the particular track of stellar evolution. In the second
phase, the fast wind is switched off, and the dynamical evolution is
computed for a total of 8000 yr. In both phases the photo-ionization is
considered following the approach of García-Segura & Franco
1996 with a central star that emits 1045 s-1
ionizing photons. A simple expanding spherical morphology is adopted for
simplicity (i.e., no rotation, magnetic field, or anisotropic mass-loss
events).The simulations are performed with the hydrodynamical code
ZEUS-3D (version 3.4) (Stone & Norman 1992; Clarke 1996), and
details about the set up can be found in García-Segura et al. (
1999), and García-Segura et al. (2005) for the self-expanding
grid technique.