Bibcode
Scannapieco, C.; Wadepuhl, M.; Parry, O. H.; Navarro, J. F.; Jenkins, A.; Springel, V.; Teyssier, R.; Carlson, E.; Couchman, H. M. P.; Crain, R. A.; Dalla Vecchia, C.; Frenk, C. S.; Kobayashi, C.; Monaco, P.; Murante, G.; Okamoto, T.; Quinn, T.; Schaye, J.; Stinson, G. S.; Theuns, T.; Wadsley, J.; White, S. D. M.; Woods, R.
Bibliographical reference
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 423, Issue 2, pp. 1726-1749.
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6
2012
Citations
424
Refereed citations
393
Description
We compare the results of various cosmological gas-dynamical codes used
to simulate the formation of a galaxy in the Λ cold dark matter
structure formation paradigm. The various runs (13 in total) differ in
their numerical hydrodynamical treatment [smoothed particle
hydrodynamics (SPH), moving mesh and adaptive mesh refinement] but share
the same initial conditions and adopt in each case their latest
published model of gas cooling, star formation and feedback. Despite the
common halo assembly history, we find large code-to-code variations in
the stellar mass, size, morphology and gas content of the galaxy at z=
0, due mainly to the different implementations of star formation and
feedback. Compared with observation, most codes tend to produce an
overly massive galaxy, smaller and less gas rich than typical spirals,
with a massive bulge and a declining rotation curve. A stellar disc is
discernible in most simulations, although its prominence varies widely
from code to code. There is a well-defined trend between the effects of
feedback and the severity of the disagreement with observed spirals. In
general, models that are more effective at limiting the baryonic mass of
the galaxy come closer to matching observed galaxy scaling laws, but
often to the detriment of the disc component. Although numerical
convergence is not particularly good for any of the codes, our
conclusions hold at two different numerical resolutions. Some
differences can also be traced to the different numerical techniques;
for example, more gas seems able to cool and become available for star
formation in grid-based codes than in SPH. However, this effect is small
compared to the variations induced by different feedback prescriptions.
We conclude that state-of-the-art simulations cannot yet uniquely
predict the properties of the baryonic component of a galaxy, even when
the assembly history of its host halo is fully specified. Developing
feedback algorithms that can effectively regulate the mass of a galaxy
without hindering the formation of high angular momentum stellar discs
remains a challenge.